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One reason for the observed diverging results might be the highly heterogeneous definitions and measurements of stress of the existing literature ( Fang et al., 2015). However, evidence from previous studies on the association of stress with cancer incidence in humans remains largely equivocal ( Chida et al., 2008). In addition, human mechanistic studies have suggested various pathogenic processes (e.g., altered antiviral defenses, DNA repair, and cellular aging) as potential pathways linking together stress and oncogenesis ( Antoni et al., 2006). Animal research has proposed stress as a contributing factor to the initiation, growth, and metastasis of cancer ( Lutgendorf and Andersen, 2015). Yet, little is known about the link between SoC and cancer development. For instance, a potential link has been suggested between SoC and different somatic diseases ( Flensborg-Madsen et al., 2005), including diabetes ( Eriksson et al., 2013) and cardiovascular diseases ( Poppius et al., 1999 Nasermoaddeli et al., 2004). The theory of salutogenesis has been applied in different fields of health and medicine.

Generalized Resistance Resources are one of the key determinants for SoC, consisting all resources that help a person cope and are effective in avoiding or combating a range of stress factors, including socioeconomic standing and social support ( Antonovsky, 1972 Idan et al., 2016). Accordingly, SoC has three components, namely comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness, and salutogenesis is greatly dependent on a strong SoC. Sense of coherence (SoC) is the essence of the theory of salutogenesis, defined as “a global orientation that expresses the extent to which one has a pervasive, enduring though dynamic feeling of confidence that (1) the stimuli deriving from one’s internal and external environments in the course of living are structured, predictable, and explicable (2) the resources are available to one to meet the demands posed by these stimuli and (3) these demands are challenges, worthy of investment and engagement’ ( Antonovsky, 1987). According to this theory, health is a lifelong and dynamic process of actively coping with a variety of stress factors one might encounter in life (i.e., stimuli), and, although stress is ubiquitous, people experience different health outcomes in response to stress. The theory of salutogenesis was developed by Antonovsky, 1979 to study factors that support human health and well-being, in contrast to ‘pathogenesis’ which studies factors that cause diseases, with a specific focus on understanding the relationship between health, stress, and coping. Health, by definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being ( World Health Organization, 2014).